To show the confusion that exists among SBT defenders, I note that Dr. John Lattimer, a devout WC apologist, concluded Kennedy shows a "reflex reaction" to a wound in Z225 and opined the wound occurred at about Z220. In fact, in his book Kennedy and Lincoln (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Johanovich, 1980), Lattimer acknowledged that Kennedy's elbows are beginning to "fly upward in frame 224" (p. 241), yet current SBT defenders claim the magic bullet hit him in Z223-224, making his Z224 reaction a physical impossibility.
It is crucial to note that even if we assume that JFK does not start to react until Z225, this still means that the bullet that caused the reaction must have hit no later than Z221, because no human could visibly move their hands upward and inward less than four frames after being hit. This is why Dr. Robert Piziali, testifying for the prosecution in the 1992 mock Oswald trial, denied that JFK is reacting to a wound in Z225. Under cross-examination, Piziali admitted that if JFK is reacting to a wound in Z225, the bullet that caused this reaction could not have hit him after Z221, which would destroy his Z224-lapel-flip SBT, so he was forced to deny JFK's obvious wound reaction in Z225.
In fact, we know from the 4/22/64 WC memorandum that when a group of wound ballistics experts, the autopsy doctors, and commission staffers reviewed the Zapruder film frame by frame, with the aid of enlargements, the consensus was that Kennedy "had been definitely hit by frames 224-225" (p. 1). It should be noted that this group included Dr. F. W. Light, the deputy chief of the Biophysics Division at Edgewood Arsenal, and Dr. Alfred G. Olivier, the chief of the Wound Ballistics Branch of the Biophysics Division at Edgewood Arsenal. The group further noted that the Z224-225 reaction may have begun as early as Z199, and also at around Z204-205:
The reaction shown in frames 224-225 may have started at an earlier
point--possibly as early as frame 199 (where there appears to be some
jerkiness in his movement) or, with a higher degree of possibility,
at frames 204-205 (where his right elbow appears to be raised to an
artificially high position). (WC memo, 4/22/64, p. 1)
Of course, JFK's Z225 wound reaction, not to mention his Z224 and earlier reaction, destroys the Z224-lapel-flip SBT.
This is a good example of the tendency of WC defenders to uncritically and hastily accept "expert" conclusions without considering the implications. Leaving aside the fact that coat lapels cannot flip up and down in the space of 1/18th of a second, and leaving aside the clear indications of a wound reaction before Z224, if the lapel flip was caused by a bullet, then JFK's Z224/Z225 reaction categorically proves he must have been hit by a different bullet.
