You do seem to have a fondness for junk science.
Oh, really? Humm. . . . You mean the science of wound-ballistics testing, the science of acoustical analysis of recordings of gunfire to establish the origin and nature of the gunfire, the science of trajectory analysis, the science of NAA testing of paraffin casts, etc.? Those sciences? I ask because you have rejected all of them.
AI provided this assessment on the validity of PSE:
Oh, boy. So you still haven't learned your lesson from the previous times you've been burned by bogus AI answers. Anyway, let's continue. . . .
Reliability of the Psychological Stress Evaluator
The Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) has not been shown to be a scientifically valid or reliable tool for objectively measuring stress, and its use is generally considered unreliable in clinical and legal contexts.
What the PSE Is
The PSE is a device that claims to detect stress by analyzing vocal characteristics such as pitch, tone, and “micro tremors”
neurolaunch.com
It was marketed for use in law enforcement, corporate security, and some mental health settings
neurolaunch.com
Research Findings
Limited clinical validity: A 1981 Johns Hopkins University study found no correlation between PSE readings and established measures of anxiety and hostility, suggesting it has only limited value as a clinical assessment tool
pure.johnshopkins.edu
Scientific criticism: Independent research has shown that the PSE’s “micro tremor” indicator has little correlation with truthfulness or actual stress levels
John E. Reid and Associates, Inc.
The device may increase confession rates in interrogations, but this is due to psychological pressure, not accurate measurement
John E. Reid and Associates, Inc.
Legal restrictions: Several U.S. states have banned the PSE, and courts have excluded confessions obtained with it, citing lack of scientific validity and potential coercion
So you have once again gone scrambling to the Internet to look only for sources that support what you want to believe, and this is the predictable result: you've been reduced to relying on an AI-generated answer.
I notice you said nothing about the evidence of the PSE's reliability that I discuss in my article "Faulty Evidence," even though my article is the subject of this thread. Why is that? Why didn't you address any of the evidence for the PSE that I discuss in my article? Have you even read my article?
For any new readers, the PSE was the first patented voice stress analysis (VSA) lie-detection device. It was developed in the early 1970s, and was used by George O'Toole to analyze statements made by key figures in the JFK case, including Oswald.
There is a wealth of scientific evidence and case studies that show that VSA is a reliable tool for lie detection. The CIA uses VSA devices in its operations. Many police departments use VSA devices to assess the truthfulness of suspects. The Baker Group International notes,
Over 25,000 various VSA systems are in use worldwide. More than 3500 U.S. law enforcement agencies use VSA. The U.S. Department of Defense uses VSA in its fight against worldwide terrorism.
Unlike the polygraph the DVSA does not report “inconclusive” results. Polygraph examiners report up to 60% “inconclusive” examinations.
In the fall of 2000, Air Force Research Laboratories (AFRL), Rome, NY, and the National Institute Of Justice’s National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center released their findings on voice stress analysis (VSA) technology. Those results confirm the accuracy and validity of VSA technology at 100%. An edited copy of the AFRL news release follows:
A three-year study by Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate engineers here has concluded several features of voice stress analysis are effective for detecting when a person is answering questions under stress. “The Department of Defense Polygraph Institute (DoDPI) provided us with tapes of investigations from two murder cases where the suspects eventually confessed and were found guilty,” “Using voice stress analyzers … (the) machines were accurate on 45 out of 45 instances.” Ed. Note: That is 100% accuracy. . . .
Earlier studies conducted by both government and private organizations show similar VSA validity and reliability.
Since its inception in the early 1970s, Voice Stress Analysis credibility assessment technique is now utilized throughout the world by law enforcement investigators, arson investigators, military intelligence & counterintelligence units, psychologists, psychiatrists, insurers, and government agencies. VSA technology is effectively utilized worldwide in locations such as the European Community, South Africa, Central and South America, Middle East, Asia, Israel, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and the Balkans. (https://www.bakerdvsa.com/how-dvsa-works/)Now, you can bet good money that if O'Toole's PSE analysis had shown that Oswald was lying when he said he didn't shoot anybody, Corbett would be on here trumpeting some of the same evidence for VSA's reliability that I present in this reply. But, since the PSE charts showed strong indications that Oswald was telling the truth, Corbett automatically rejects VSA lie detection and scours the Internet for sources that reject it.
We need to understand that the attacks on VSA lie detection mainly come from two camps: (1) people who oppose the use of
all lie-detection devices, whether traditional polygraph or VSA, and (2) the polygraph industry, led by the American Polygraph Association.
VSA analysts have formed their own association, the International Association of Voice Stress Analysts (IAVSA), and numerous companies now produce VSA devices for a wide range of government and private entities. The IAVSA was established in 1995 and is the oldest and most prestigious VSA association in existence. The largest American association of VSA analysts is the National Association of Computer Voice Stress Analysts (NACVSA).
Let me continue by quoting from the article "The History of Voice Stress Analysis: The Original Dektor Counterintelligence and Security Inc.," published on the website of NITV Federal Services, which manufactures the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA):
Everything we knew about “lie detection” changed in 1972. That was the year Allan D. Bell, Jr., Wilson H. Ford, and Charles R. McQuiston—the three principals of Dektor Counterintelligence and Security, Inc.—came up with something brilliant. The retired U.S. Military officers took on the polygraph monolith when they patented an invention which would become known as the “Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE).” . . .
The founders of Dektor all brought their unique skills to the table; Ford was an electronics inventor, Bell had expertise in counterintelligence, and McQuiston was a polygraph examiner. Their work began when Ford adapted a discovery made by three other brilliant minds. In 1956, Martin Halliday and Joe Redfearn discovered tremors in the musculature of humans that could be measured as oscillations or frequencies. Olof Lippold took the research further in 1957, relating these microtremors to physiological stress and recording these oscillations, which vibrate as muscles tighten and relax. Lippold used an Electromyograph (EMG) to evaluate this data.
Building upon the work of these previous researchers, Ford recorded the human voice, slowed it down, filtered it, and recorded it onto an EKG to highlight the microtremors. Ford focused on the muscles regulating the voice and found that when the body goes into fight-or-flight mode, the vibrations increase in speed. They were building on the same premise upon which the polygraph was founded—that deception produces psychological stress and physiological symptoms. So, by analyzing these vocal tremors, their invention was able to indicate potential lies.
Originally named the “Physiological Response Analysis Method and Apparatus,” Dektor’s invention used a method called the McQuiston-Ford algorithm, which is similar to the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. The McQuiston-Ford detects microtremors which typically fall into the range of 8 to 12 Hz in an individual who is not experiencing stress or being deceptive. These FM frequencies are not audible to the naked human ear and can only be captured through this method. The algorithm simply computes a sequence and converts it into patterns or charts. As a person is being deceptive, the stress they feel causes variations in the frequency modulation, which shows a flattening effect on the graphic display or chart. This allows trained examiners to read the charts in relation to questions that caused this flattening event and correlate it to a stressor.
Dektor was ahead of its time, and the invention didn’t gain ground as it should have due to unrelenting attacks by the polygraph industry. (https://www.cvsa1.com/blog/the-history-of-voice-stress-analysis-the-original-dektor-counterintelligence-and-security-inc/)Here are some additional sources that present evidence that VSA devices are reliable:
"The Most Important Features of Lie Detection Using Voice Stress," published in the third volume of the 2024
Al-Iraqia Journal of Scientific Engineering Researchhttps://ijser.aliraqia.edu.iq/index.php/ijser/article/view/149"Evaluation of Voice Stress Analysis Technology," published in
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences in 2005
https://www.computer.org/csdl/pds/api/csdl/proceedings/download-article/12OmNyUFfWr/pdf"Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance," published in the November 2018 issue of
Frontiers in Psychologyhttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01994/full"Acoustic Analysis of Speech Under Stress," published in the
International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications in 2015
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26558301/https://www.iavsa.com/post/acoustic-analysis-of-speech-under-stress-international-journal-of-bioinformatics-research-and-appliCase Studies Proving VSA Lie Detection Is Valid
https://www.cvsa1.com/blog/category/case-studies/ "Voice Stress Detection," published in volume 2 of the 2013 issue of the
International Journal of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineeringhttps://share.google/90Beq6zVMLkmcBD0iEXCERPT:
Finally we conclude that VSA technology can identify stress better than polygraph systems."Voice Stress Analysis" article on the Baltimore Police Museum website on the Mark II Voice Stress Analyzer
https://baltimorepolicemuseum.com/en/component/content/article/470-voice-stress-analysisEXCERPT:
The Mark II Voice Stress Analyzer is the most advanced, accurate and simple instrument of its kind. It allows the user to automatically detect, measure and analyze the exact degree of psychological stress in a word or phrase spoken by anyone. It can be used in person, through recorded messages or by telephone, or in radio communications.
When a subject tries to cheat, or has emotional difficulty with certain questions, he will experience psychological distress. Any misrepresentation or psychological stress induced by stimuli causes a lack of synchronization between the control of the voice of the brain and the mechanism of the voice in the throat. This stress connection produces an inaudible roughness in the voice called tremolo. Tremolos related to stress occurs uniformly in all human allocations, independent of language or sex.The
Journal of Credibility Assessment Techniques (JCAT) has published numerous scientific articles on the validity of VSA lie detection. The IAVSA page on the JCAT explains that "the JCAT is a semiannual professional publication, consisting of articles and papers about the principles and practice of utilizing voice stress analysis for truth verification and credibility assessments." Here are some recent issues:
IAVSA Journal Volume 3 Number 2 (Current Edition)
https://www.iavsa.com/_files/ugd/61470a_a44a0662685b416b8ea120c877d63f9d.pdfIAVSA Journal Volume 3 Number 1
https://www.iavsa.com/_files/ugd/61470a_e0181e35779b4a7daa132e1eed07fbe7.pdfIAVSA Journal Volume 2 Number 2
https://www.iavsa.com/_files/ugd/61470a_1cf8af4420d742b7bc761ba413e7a37f.pdfIAVSA Journal Volume 2 Number 1
https://www.iavsa.com/_files/ugd/61470a_708ea223adb847aa94e111a719c4b13d.pdfIAVSA Journal Volume 1 Number 1
https://www.iavsa.com/_files/ugd/61470a_10e296aaecaa4e27b561a1a8655c883d.pdfResearch and Scientific Studies That Support VSA Lie Detection
https://www.cvsa1.com/blog/category/research-and-scientific-studies/"Voice Stress Analysis Used to Identify Dishonesty"
https://www.safeguard.co.zw/voice-stress-analysis-used-to-identify-dishonesty/"Deception Detection Examinations -- Voice Stress," published on the Pro First Police Background Investigations website
https://www.profirsttraining.com/vsa-examinations"CVSA Gets Results," published on the NACVSA website
https://www.nacvsa.org/cvsa-gets-results/"NACVSA Exposes Inaccuracies of Polygraph Tests," published on the NACVSA website
https://www.nacvsa.org/nacvsa-exposes-inaccuracies-of-polygraph-tests/EXCERPT:
. . . a disturbing trend has been exposed involving innocent people failing polygraph examinations and then being interrogated until they confess. Had it not been for the advent of DNA evidence and other advanced investigative technologies many of the thousands of people who failed polygraphs and were later wrongly convicted of crimes would spend their lives in prison, or worse, have been executed. . . .
According to an article published in Law and Order, the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) is far superior to the error-prone polygraph, and the CVSA is now being used by over 3,000 law enforcement agencies worldwide including those in Atlanta, Nashville, Baltimore, New Orleans, and Miami as well as the California Highway Patrol and the US Federal Courts.
According to the NACVSA, serious questions remain about the 100-year old polygraph device and its well documented high error rate."The Truth About Lie Detection Technology," published in the August 2010 issue of
Law Enforcement Technologyhttps://www.cvsa1.com/app/uploads/sites/2/2024/06/LEArticle.pdfEXCERPT:
. . . the National Institute for Truth Verification (NITV) estimates about 1,800 local, state and federal law enforcement agencies are using its patented Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) products. . . .
James Chapman, education and standards director of the National Association of Computer Voice Stress Analysts, (NACVSA). . . . asks: Chapman is professor emeritus and former director of the Criminal Justice Program and Forensic Crime Laboratory at the State University of New York in Corning. Prior tohis career in education, he served in law enforcement and the U.S. Marine Corps.
While others may argue there is not enough scientific evidence to demonstrate voice stress analysis is a science, Chapman emphatically states the debate is over. He says VSA technology is an accurate, reliable and legally sound truth verification tool. And, he adds, CVSA has no inconclusive results. Voice stress analysis has its origins in the work of three former U.S. Army commanding officers. The first system became commercially available in 1971 and Chapman has been using voice stress analysis since then. As a criminologist, he had been looking for an investigative tool applying to both natural and behavioral science.
After 39 years of conducting voice stress analysis and a 19-year study, Chapman’s work has resulted in a confession rate of more than 95 percent. In five cases where there were 18 homicides and one suicide, the suspects passed a polygraph examination and were cleared. They were then retested using voice stress analysis and the suspects did not pass the exam. All cases and suspects were successfully adjudicated. “Most importantly,” he says, “VSA testing was able to accurately identify innocent individuals who were suspected of wrongdoing, thus removing them from suspicion. . . ."
John Trice retained Chapman on many different cases when Trice was district attorney for Chemung County(N.Y.) from 2000 to 2008, and was an assistant DA from 1984 to 1998.He says he has a lot of confidence in the machine because he’s seen it work in many cases. He describes one case that stands out in his mind: Person A, a bank robbery suspect, told police that Person B was the robber. A CVSA exam resulted in Person A admitting he lied and he, Person A, was the one who robbed the bank. CVSA results, along with corroborating evidence, exonerated Person B and all criminal charges against him were dropped. Trice adds he’s never seen it fail, and he knows of no known counter measures.
Topic: New: "Faulty Evidence: Problems with the Case Against Lee Harvey Oswald" (Read 3082 times)